The art works of the Renaissance during the Renaissance, Italy was the birthplace of humanistic literature, but Ding, Peterrak, and Bohaqiu were the pioneers of the Renaissance. "(The top three of the Renaissance). The Dante Alignieri (Italian: Dante Alighieri, 1265 -September 14, 1321), the founder of modern Italian, one of the pioneering figures of the European Renaissance in Europe, with a long poem " "Divine Comedy" leaves the name later. Engels commented: "The end of the feudal Middle Ages and the beginning of modern capitalism are marked by a big man. This character is Italian Dan Ding. He is the last poet in the Middle Ages. The first poet ". In life , Dante was born in a declined aristocratic family in Florence, Italy. It was born in 1265. The birth date is unclear. According to his own statement "Born under Gemini", it should be 5 Late or early June. At the age of 5, the biological mother died, her father continued, and her stepmother gave birth to two younger brothers and a sister. However, there are very few records of Ding, but many of them are not reliable. He may not be formally educated (some people say that he is studying in Polonna and Paris), from many famous friends and teachers from many famous friends and teachers. There are a lot of things there, including Latin, Provence, and music. He may have been a knight when he was young, participated in several wars, and he was married at the age of 33. His wife gave him 6 children, only 4 (3 3 (3 (3 (3 (3 (3 (3 (3 (3 (3 (3 (3 (3 (3 Male 1 woman) Survive. But what he really loves is a 8 -year -old girl with the name of Bileyani. Dante statue outside the door of Florence Dan Daobo .. At that time, Florence's political circles were divided into two factions. , Garfei factions have won, exile the Ziberlin faction. In 1294, the Pope Binfas VIII, who was elected in 1294 after Galfei, wanted to control Florence. Some of the wealthy citizens wanted the independence of the city and were unwilling to be subject to the Pope and differentiated into the "White Party". The forces turned over and became the "Black Party". The two factions re -fight, but Ding's family originally belonged to Galfei, but Ding Zhi advocated independence and freedom. Therefore, he became the backbone of the White Party and was selected as one of the six members of the executive committee of the highest rights agency. In 1301, Carlo Di Valois, the brother of the Pope Special France, went to Florence to "adjust peace" in Florence. , But without the result, it really organized the black party massacre opposition immediately after Corolo went to Florence, controlled Florence, and announced that Dante was exiled. Once he returned to the city, any Florence soldiers could execute him to kill him. Can return to your hometown. In 1308, Henry VII in Luxembourg was elected as the Holy Roman Emperor and prepared to invade Florence, but Ding wrote to him and pointed out the place where the attack was needed, so the White Party also began to hate Dante. Henry died in 1313, but Ding's hope was endless. In 1315, Florence was in power by the soldiers, announcing that if Danteke paid a fine and sprinkled as gray on his head, a knife was hanging under the neck, and he would return to China for one week. But Ding Hui said: "This method is not my way to return home! If it hurts me but Ding's reputation, then I will never set foot on Florence's land! Can I not enjoy the light of the sun, moon and stars elsewhere? Isn't I bowed to the Florence citizens, can I not be able to contact the precious truth? What can be certain is that I don't worry about not eating bread! " Been to Paris, he dispatched his nostalgia with his works, and wrote the benevolent and enemies in his life into his masterpiece "Divine Comedy", laughing at the Pope. The beauty who died at the age of 25 arranged to the highest state of heaven. But Ding died in 1321 and died in Lavana, northeastern Italy. A anecdotes 1. Once, but Ding attended the banquet held by the Venice Correspondence. Listening to the embassy of the Italian city -state are all fat -fried fish, but Ding is a small and small fish. But Ding did not show protests and did not eat fish. He picked up the small fish in the plate with his hands and listened to his ears, as if he heard something, and then put it back to the plate one by one. The ruling official was strange and asked him what he was doing. But Ding said loudly: "A few years ago, a friend of my friend died, and the sea burial was held. I wonder if his body had been buried in the bottom of the sea. Question: "What do Xiaoyu say?". But Ding said, "They said to me, they are still very young, and they don't know what's the matter in the past, let me ask the big fish at the same table." After hearing it Here is the largest fried fish. 2. Dante when he was young, he liked to sit on the sky in the square in his hometown of Jade Lengcui (Florence). Especially on the Midsummer Night, he often sat with the sky on the sky. This lonely young poet has a very amazing memory. One night, a stranger goes straight down Dan Dan, bowed down and said, "Over the name of your poem, know you are the pride of you. Please help me. What I want to answer is: What is the best thing in the world? "Egg. "But Ding blurted out. The man nodded away. One day after a few years, Ding still sat on the square and looked up at the starry sky, or the stranger stepped forward and continued the conversation a few years ago:" So, then How to cook? "But Ding glanced at the person and replied without thinking:" Put a little salt. "[1] On famous works The love poetry" Freshman "philosophical poetry" Banquet "lyric poem" Poetry Collection "long poem" Divine Comedy "Latin articles" Noodle Theory "Political Paper" Theory of the Kingdom "Latin The poem "Anpad" Dante's "Essay Collection", Dante's work is basically written in the Italian Tuscan dialect, which plays a considerable role in forming a modern Italian language based on Tuscana dialect. Because in addition to Latin works, ancient Italian works were only Dante the earliest use of live language writing. His works have played a significant role in the formation of Italian literary language, so it is also a pioneer in the Renaissance movement. R n Edit this paragraph of Petrack Petrak Francisk Peterrak (Italian: Francesco Petrarch, July 20, 1304-July 19, 1374) The famous poets and scholars of the Renaissance, the founder of humanism, the establishment of the art and moral outlook on the early bourgeoisie was inseparable from him. Born in A A Leizuo City, died of Alzong on July 19, 1374. His father was the Wang family and lawyers of Florence. He had exiled France with his father since he was a child and then studied law. When he is a priest, he has the opportunity to enter and exit churches, courts, observe life, pursue knowledge, and put forward the thoughts of "people's thoughts". " A lawyer was expelled from the city in 1302 because of the disagreement with the leader of the Black Party and moved to Arezo. On July 20, 1304, Petrack was born here. After several relocation, they were relocated several times in 1312. The family moved to Avinon in southern France, and the Holy See was there. Therefore, Petrack was closely linked with the upper layers of the Pope. This situation is not only related to his growth, but also helping his future humanistic activities. . Petrack loved literature and rhetoric when he was a teenager, and was particularly interested in classical works. The ancient Roman Virgil's poems and Sissero's lectures strongly attracted him. But his father asked him to become a jurist. Since 1316, he has studied laws in Monte Boli and Italy in France. In 1320, his father died, and he gave up law and developed his hobby freely. A secondary faculty. In 1330-1347, he has been working under the bishop of Bishop Wanni Keron. The work in the church is not busy, which makes him participate in some political and diplomatic activities of the Holy See. While studying literature and creating poetry tirelessly. As a poet, Betrak's reputation quickly spread. In 1340, Paris and Rome were invited to invite him to accept the crown. As a result, he decided to go to Rome. He picks up on the Capitley in Rome The title of "Crown Poet". On July 19, 1374, Petrack died in a small village named Akwar. When people discovered his body, his head was still buried in Virgil's manuscript. works The earliest representatives of classical culture from the Renaissance from the Renaissance of the Renaissance. He widely collected ancient books in Greece and Rome, and dared to break through the theological concepts of the medieval century. With the vision of the new era, he placed people and real life in the center to interpret classical works. His research on classical culture has affected the European Renaissance and his creation. Petrack wrote many poems and prose in Latin. The nobles and wisdom of these works can pursue the right to the world, enjoy the right to honor, enjoy the right of honor, and challenge the medieval divine rights and asceticism. He also believes that human nobleness does not decide to be born, but decides to act. The famous narrative poem "African" (writing started in 1338 or 1339, but was not completed) describing the heroic deeds of the ancient Roman commander Sipio defeated Hannibal, praising the greatness of Rome, and reflecting the spirit of patriotism. The work allowed him to get the title of laurel poet on April 8, 1341. "Secret" uses the dialogue of St. Augustine with poets to promote humanism. The poet warmly defends love and honor. It is consistent with the happiness of love to love God and pursuing the happiness of the world as the pursuit of eternal happiness. According to the representative work "Song Collection", it was said that the poet wrote more than 300 14 -line poems and after the death of Lola in 1347 after seeing the beautiful girl Lola in 1327, and it was written in Italian. It's love poem. Betrak jumped out of the box of old lyric poems, with a variety of tones, meticulous brush strokes, depicting the beauty of Lola's body, and portraiting his complex ideological feelings and inner activities. These poems boldly praise love, express their desire for happiness, and reflect the world view of humanists contempt for medieval morality and love life. Petrack's poetic charm is beautiful and densely structured. It often uses natural scenery to sing Lola to convey subtle feelings. He made the new poetic art of Fourteen Poems perfect. His lyrical poems, especially the 14 -line poems, opened the way for the development of European lyric poems. Later generations respected him as poetry. The long poem "My Italy" in "Song Collection" is a political lyric poem. The poets condemned Italy's monarchs to use foreign mercenaries to conduct civil war and let "wolf wolf and sheep live together". His other political lyric poems also violently criticized the church. Some Po Trak's poems also reflect his inner contradictions and reflect the contradictions of humanists in the early days of the Renaissance. Petrack wrote a historical book "Celebrity Biography" in Latin. Petrack's poetry is very rich, including "Song Collection", "African", "Italy" and "Celebrity Biography". The line of line Track pushed the fourteen elements to a perfect situation through long -term creative practice and developed into a new style of poetry, that is, "Peterrack Poetry". This style of poetry was imitated by later famous writers and poets such as Qiao Ge, Shakespeare, etc., and opened up a new path for the development of European poetry. Therefore, Peterak was respected as "Poetic Saint". There are a small number of patriotic poems and political irony poems in "Song Collection". Among them, "My Italy" is the most representative. At that time, in Italy's interference, the invasion of foreign enemies, and the mutual fighting of each city and states, they were in a split -out state for a long time. Witnessing this reality, the poet wrote: Look, my motherland, my hometown you love, is the wars caused by the reasons for the nameless and the unstoppable disputes, how cruel torture and suffering are suffering! This blood and tears condensed containing the affection of the poets to worry about the country and the people, and entrust the strong desire to desire the unity of the motherland. [2] The edit Port Bogamu Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375), writers and poets of the Renaissance of Italy, in the story of the story "Ten Days Talking about Joevani Boxing "stayed in the future. One translation of Bugu, an outstanding representative of the Italian Renaissance movement, humanist. The masterpiece "Ten Day Talks" criticized religious and old -fashioned thoughts, advocating "happiness in the world", and was regarded as a declaration of Renaissance. It is collectively referred to as "Literature" with Dante and Petrak. In life Mhgacch is the illegitimate child of Florence businessman Kelino Bogacch and a French woman. Regarding his birthplace, the lack of accurate information was made. He is said to be born in Katardo near Florence and was born in Paris. When he was young, his mother died and came to Florence with his father. Soon, his father remarried, and he spent his childhood in the cold father and his stepmother. Later, he was sent by his father to Napoli, and he was reluctant to learn business in a business community who had invested in his father and had no harvest. His father asked him to study laws and religious regulations, but he could not attract his interest in whether it was business or law. He loved literature since he was a child, and began to learn poetics and read the works of classic writers. This life enables him to experience the lives of citizens and businessmen and the thoughts and emotions, and integrate into the "Ten Day Talk" he wrote in the future. During the life of Napoli, Bo Gachu had the opportunity to enter and exit the court of King Robert of Angeo. Here, he was fully exerted by the suppressed personality and intelligence. He has extensively interacted with many humanist poets, scholars, theologians, and jurists, and has contacted the life of the noble knight. This enriches his life experience, expands the field of culture and art, and further rejuvenates his interest in classical culture and literature. In the court, he met Robert's illegitimate daughter Maria and had love to her. This romantic experience also left a deep mark in his literary creation. Some of the female images he created in literary works in the future can see the shadow of Maria. In the winter of 1340, the business activities of Bo Gachu's father were frustrated, the economic conditions deteriorated, and it was stunned. Bo Gulu could not maintain his original leisurely life, and returned to Florence. In Florence's sharp and fierce political struggle, he always stood firmly on the Republican government to oppose feudal aristocratic forces. He participated in the guild, served as a management finance, and was commissioned by the Republican government many times. As a special envoy, he went to other Italian city -states and the Holy See to perform diplomatic mission. In 1350, Bo Gachu met with the poet Peterrak. The following year, he was entrusted to invite the exiled Peterrack to return to Florence to host academic discussions. Since then, these two outstanding humanists have established intimate friendship. Bo Gaqiu devoted himself to studying classical literature and became a knowledgeable humanist. He translated Homer's works and made important contributions to collecting, translating and annotated ancient books. In his later years, he was committed to the interpretation and explanation of "Divine Comedy", and he had presided over the discussion of "Divine Comedy" at the University of Florence. On October 23, 1373, Bo Gacchu gave the last speech at the University of Florence's "Divine Comedy" seminar. In the second year, the death of Equy Pitterrak gave him a great blow. On December 21, 1375, Bo Gachu died in Qitardo. works This Bo Gacchu is a talented and diligent writer. He has both short stories and legendary novels, and he is good at writing narrative poems, pastoral songs, and fourteen lines of poems. The legendary novel "Filokolo" is the first work of Bo Gaqiu, which is about 1336 years. It takes the Spanish court as the background, draws materials from the medieval legend, and describes the love story of a young woman who believes in Christianity and a young pagan. They broke through all obstacles, and their lover eventually became dependents. Two stories in "Ten Day Talk" are based on this work. "Filo Corolo" is the earlier novel in Europe. The chief of the narrative poem "Ferlostrato" (about 1338) and "Moss Saisida" (1340-1341), respectively from "The Legend of Troy" and Virgil's "E Shezes". They praise pure love and noble friendship, show the beauty of life and friendship in the world, and inject modern emotions into the classical subject matter. These two works have the precedent of 8 eight -body poems. The shepherd -style legend "The Goddess of the Ameto" (also known as "The Comedy of the Goddess of Florence", about 1341), imitated Dante's "Freshman" in form, uses prose to connect three rhyme poems. By Bohaqiu's theme of mythology, he wrote that Yameto changed from a rough shepherd youth to a noble person under the cultivation of love. During this period, 7 goddesses told Ameto about their love experience. The long poem "Phantom of Love" (1342-1343) was affected by Dante "Divine Comedy", which was written in three rhyme sentences, which has the characteristics of metaphorical poems. Bo Gaqiu described his meaningful trip, combining praise from virtue and praise of pure love. "The Goddess of Philippines" (1343-1354) is another 8 -body poem. Write the goddess and shepherd in love, offended the goddess Diana, punished, and a pair of lovers turned into two rivers, but In the end, both flowed into the Arno River and brought together. "Fores of Filuma Tower" is an important work second only to "Ten Day Talks". It was written between 1343 and 1344 after Boliku returned from Napoli to Florence. This legendary novel describes the encounter of the woman Fia Merita abandoned by her lover, carefully express her love and resentment, hope, and pain, and looking forward to the psychology of her lover's return, it is the earliest psychological novel in Europe. The common characteristics of these works are love as the theme, and draw on the ancient Greek and ancient Roman poetry, mythology, and legend, showing the traces of medieval tradition and knight literature, but also get rid of the custom, full of pursuit of life and happiness, condemned the pursuit of happiness, condemned Asceticism. In his later years, Bo Gaqiu studied classical culture with all his heart, and wrote the "Fasteners' Spectrum Department" (1350-1375) and "Ding Chuan" were the two most important works. The former describes the origin of God and heroes with a wealth of historical materials, and shows the foundation of myths, and the latter is one of the earliest academic works by Italian research. In his theoretical writings, Bo Gaqiu criticized the church's slander of poetry and put forward the point of view of "poetry is theology"; he explained that poetry should imitate nature, reflect life, emphasize the enlightenment of literature and the huge role of education; and require poets to from ancient times to ancient times Greek Roman culture draws nutrition and treats fiction and imagination. Although Bohaqiu has not completely got rid of the concept of medieval theology, his literary theory laid the foundation for the development of the Renaissance poetry.
Leonardo Da Vinci, one of the three heroes of the Renaissance in Italy, is also the most perfect representative during the European Renaissance. He is a profound thought, knowledgeable, versatile painter, fabler, sculptor, inventor, philosopher, musician, medical scientist, biologist, geography, construction engineer, and military engineer. He is a genius. He is enthusiastic about artistic creation and theoretical research to study how to use lines and three -dimensional shapes to express various problems; on the other hand, he also studies natural sciences. Ground studying various disciplines such as optics, mathematics, geology, and biology related to painting. His artistic practice and scientific exploration spirit has a significant and far -reaching impact on future generations. "Mona Lisa" has no artwork in the world that can be full of global as "Mona Lisa", and at the same time attracts all kinds of statements and evaluations. According to Vasari's records, we can be sure that the person in the painting is the wife of Francot Francot Greya Zosha. She was born in 1479 and Da Vinci was portrait for her in 1503. It was when Lisa was 24 years old. The main expression of the person in the painting is "smile", and the world calls "mysterious smile". Banker Zo Gongdoro asked his wife to paint with a generous remuneration. When the lady appeared in front of the painter, she was wearing a luxurious dress and a fashionable hair style. She curled her hair on her shoulders, her bright eyes shone, her body was plump, her cheeks were crimson, her necks and arms were worn with precious jewelry. The whole body is full of beautiful but extravagant aristocratic atmosphere. When she stared at the famous painter with her eyes, a Socrate -style head that was able to accommodate infinite wisdom came into view, and the face was covered with silver white beards. This is very different from the vulgar merchants she saw all day. The smile from her heart instantly made her face glory, fascinating, shy, naughty, and seemed to have lost your youth. The mystery deep in the soul of the model was caught by the keen artist observed. "I agree to work immediately." Da Vinci nodded to Mona Lisa. In order to maintain Lisa's smile, the artist used wisdom's head to tell her wonderful and happy stories, and also invited all kinds of clown, pianist, and street performers to perform for his wife to wake up the depression, indifference, Sleeping young woman. After Lisa sat down, put one hand on the other hand to make a young woman's posture. The painter noticed that his wife's naked neck and plump hands were unfortunately occupied by gold and silver jewelry. If the wife is not opposed, I want to depict the neck and arms without any decoration. This is your most innocent beauty. Please remove all the jewelry symbolizing wealth and let me depict all the beauty that belongs to you. "So Lisa Lisa In the hurry, all the accessories were faded. What we see now is a young woman who has no modification and interest. "The Virgin of the Rock" is a traditional religious painting of Da Vinci. Although the characters in the painting are surrounded by a humid air, the contour of the human body can still be obviously identified by the dim mountains, especially the face that the painter's efforts to depict. The warm and innocent expression is highly prominent. The strange shape of the hanging stone hangs from the wet rock body. The flowers and plants with the accuracy of botanicals come out of the rock gaps, and they can distinguish the iris, silver lotus, violet and some ferns. The blue sky in the distance is presented in front of people's eyes through the holes and seams between the rock body. Jesus stretched out, Angel Wulie faced the audience, led them to the painting, and instructed this scene with his hands, a series of gestures representing protection, instructions, and blessings. This set of action was arranged according to the principle of the composition of the pyramid. The top of the tower was the head of the Virgin, and the side was the hands he extended. The bottom corner was angels and babies. Leonardo regards the structure as the key to opening the work, which largely forms a classicist pyramid character composition in the heyday of the Renaissance.
Micorlazoro Bonarotti (, 1475-1564), the great painter, sculptor, architect and poet of the Renaissance in Italy, the representative of the most peak of the sculpture art during the Renaissance period Essence With Raphael and Da Vinci, they are also known as the Renaissance. "Slave" cloud stone sculpture. High 229 cm Michaellazoro was created from 1513-1516. It is now collected in the eyes of "Dead Slave" in the Louvre, France. It seems to be resting. On his peaceful face, there were no traces of dying struggle, nor spasm caused by pain, but showing a dreamy calmness and intoxication, as if it was a coma that got rid of suffering. He supports his head and hold his right hand in front of his chest. It seems that he has just experienced harsh torture, exhausted, and is entering a state of liberation. "The Bonded Slave", the cloudstone sculpture was 215 cm Michaella Kailangluo, which was created in 1513-1516. It is now collected in the Louvre, France. Species style. His strong body like a bull twisted strongly, and seemed to be trying to break away from the ropes on his body. Although his arms were tied, the muscles of the whole body were tight, making people feel that it contains extremely powerful resistance. In contrast, the rope on the body looks so fragile and weak, it seems that it has only become an decoration. His head was tight, his lips were closed, his eyes were open, and his eyes were revealed in his eyes. Both slave statues are used to decorate the mausoleum. The earliest purpose is to symbolize the authority of the deceased, but here it has become a true portrayal of the author's own thoughts. The slaves in the statue are shaped as a strong young man who desires freedom and liberation. Both of the two statues of the two statues of young and fitly body seem to be not slaves, but two heroic fighters. Essence At that time, Michelangelo had been forced to serve the ruler of the Pope and the city. As a artist with humanistic thought, he had a pain that was suppressed, restrained and eager to liberate as the characters in his own works. And the requirements of realizing ideals. Michelangelo not only worried about the turbulent motherland, but also suffered from the fate of serving the rulers -this is a common encounter by artists during the Renaissance. His spiritual space is suffocating, and he can only vent his dissatisfaction with the rulers and seeks spiritual liberation in relatively free artistic creation. He wrote: "... Under such a slave -like and such lonely and boring conditions, on the oblique road, in extreme mental fatigue, I should engrave my sacred production ...". Later, due to changes in momentum, Michelangelo's thought became deep and distressed, and he never created the vitality of carving like these two works. "Moses", a statue of cloud stone, 255 cm high, Michelangelo was created from 1515-1516 AD. It is now in the St. Peter Cathedral in the Roman Vatican ? There is a pair of corners that symbolize "God", wearing thin sleeveless tops, and red -swollen clothes on both knees. His arms muscles were developed, and his hands were exposed, as if he had accumulated infinite power. He stroked the beard with a long and waist, holding the French version of the Ten Commandments, and his head was twisted to the left. The majestic and cold eyes were open, his eyes were nervous, his face was nervous, his face, his face It is full of alert sensitivity. Although he was sitting, the posture of the entire body showed a strong dynamic, and his left foot extended backwards, as if he was about to stand up immediately. Although angry, as a spiritual leader of Israelis, he must try his best to restrain his emotions, so he shows an unusually complicated psychological state. He is a typical image of a tragic hero character, as if the incarnation of the most essential power of nature, has a shocking power, which contains the artist's high attention to the fate of the motherland and the supreme respect of the dignity of people. The crystallization of the ideological thought is also considered by Western art critics to be one of Michelangelo's most successful statue.
Raphael, (1483-1520) is an outstanding painter in Italy. Essence Raphael was only 37 years old, but due to his diligent creation, he left more than 300 precious art works. His works have become the unique style of his family, which represents his own unique style, representing the most admired aesthetic taste that people at that time, and becoming a model that is inseparable from later generations of classicalists. Its representative works include the composition style, environment and character configuration of the paintings of the Our Lady of Sistine, the mural "Athens College", etc. "The key to Peter", in addition to the teacher's demure and elegant style characteristics, the character shape began to show his unique soft style. The picture takes a symmetrical layout, and the background is the polygonal bushes full of the sky full of heaven. A lot of use of horizontal lines, vertical lines, and semicircular curves, resulting in the aesthetics of softness, simplicity and brightness, and overall changes in the rigid. The artist cleverly uses perspective to make the space far. "Athens College". This giant mural gathers more than 50 well -known philosophers and thinkers since ancient Greece, including Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Pythagoras, etc., to praise humans to wisdom and truth Pursuit, praise human creativity. "The Virgin Sistel" is Raphael's most successful image of the Virgin. It is a praise of the Virgin that he composed with pious mood. The screen uses a stable pyramid composition. The character image is similar to the real size of the real person, the solemn and balanced, and the background of the picture is composed of a small angel's avatar. The image of the Virgin is soft and holy, showing the happiness and greatness of maternal love.
The art works of the Renaissance during the Renaissance, Italy was the birthplace of humanistic literature, but Ding, Peterrak, and Bohaqiu were the pioneers of the Renaissance. "(The top three of the Renaissance).
The Dante Alignieri (Italian: Dante Alighieri, 1265 -September 14, 1321), the founder of modern Italian, one of the pioneering figures of the European Renaissance in Europe, with a long poem " "Divine Comedy" leaves the name later. Engels commented: "The end of the feudal Middle Ages and the beginning of modern capitalism are marked by a big man. This character is Italian Dan Ding. He is the last poet in the Middle Ages. The first poet ".
In life
, Dante was born in a declined aristocratic family in Florence, Italy. It was born in 1265. The birth date is unclear. According to his own statement "Born under Gemini", it should be 5 Late or early June. At the age of 5, the biological mother died, her father continued, and her stepmother gave birth to two younger brothers and a sister. However, there are very few records of Ding, but many of them are not reliable. He may not be formally educated (some people say that he is studying in Polonna and Paris), from many famous friends and teachers from many famous friends and teachers. There are a lot of things there, including Latin, Provence, and music. He may have been a knight when he was young, participated in several wars, and he was married at the age of 33. His wife gave him 6 children, only 4 (3 3 (3 (3 (3 (3 (3 (3 (3 (3 (3 (3 (3 (3 (3 Male 1 woman) Survive. But what he really loves is a 8 -year -old girl with the name of Bileyani. Dante statue outside the door of Florence Dan Daobo .. At that time, Florence's political circles were divided into two factions. , Garfei factions have won, exile the Ziberlin faction. In 1294, the Pope Binfas VIII, who was elected in 1294 after Galfei, wanted to control Florence. Some of the wealthy citizens wanted the independence of the city and were unwilling to be subject to the Pope and differentiated into the "White Party". The forces turned over and became the "Black Party". The two factions re -fight, but Ding's family originally belonged to Galfei, but Ding Zhi advocated independence and freedom. Therefore, he became the backbone of the White Party and was selected as one of the six members of the executive committee of the highest rights agency. In 1301, Carlo Di Valois, the brother of the Pope Special France, went to Florence to "adjust peace" in Florence. , But without the result, it really organized the black party massacre opposition immediately after Corolo went to Florence, controlled Florence, and announced that Dante was exiled. Once he returned to the city, any Florence soldiers could execute him to kill him. Can return to your hometown. In 1308, Henry VII in Luxembourg was elected as the Holy Roman Emperor and prepared to invade Florence, but Ding wrote to him and pointed out the place where the attack was needed, so the White Party also began to hate Dante. Henry died in 1313, but Ding's hope was endless. In 1315, Florence was in power by the soldiers, announcing that if Danteke paid a fine and sprinkled as gray on his head, a knife was hanging under the neck, and he would return to China for one week. But Ding Hui said: "This method is not my way to return home! If it hurts me but Ding's reputation, then I will never set foot on Florence's land! Can I not enjoy the light of the sun, moon and stars elsewhere? Isn't I bowed to the Florence citizens, can I not be able to contact the precious truth? What can be certain is that I don't worry about not eating bread! " Been to Paris, he dispatched his nostalgia with his works, and wrote the benevolent and enemies in his life into his masterpiece "Divine Comedy", laughing at the Pope. The beauty who died at the age of 25 arranged to the highest state of heaven. But Ding died in 1321 and died in Lavana, northeastern Italy.
A anecdotes
1. Once, but Ding attended the banquet held by the Venice Correspondence. Listening to the embassy of the Italian city -state are all fat -fried fish, but Ding is a small and small fish. But Ding did not show protests and did not eat fish. He picked up the small fish in the plate with his hands and listened to his ears, as if he heard something, and then put it back to the plate one by one. The ruling official was strange and asked him what he was doing. But Ding said loudly: "A few years ago, a friend of my friend died, and the sea burial was held. I wonder if his body had been buried in the bottom of the sea. Question: "What do Xiaoyu say?". But Ding said, "They said to me, they are still very young, and they don't know what's the matter in the past, let me ask the big fish at the same table." After hearing it Here is the largest fried fish. 2. Dante when he was young, he liked to sit on the sky in the square in his hometown of Jade Lengcui (Florence). Especially on the Midsummer Night, he often sat with the sky on the sky. This lonely young poet has a very amazing memory. One night, a stranger goes straight down Dan Dan, bowed down and said, "Over the name of your poem, know you are the pride of you. Please help me. What I want to answer is: What is the best thing in the world? "Egg. "But Ding blurted out. The man nodded away. One day after a few years, Ding still sat on the square and looked up at the starry sky, or the stranger stepped forward and continued the conversation a few years ago:" So, then How to cook? "But Ding glanced at the person and replied without thinking:" Put a little salt. "[1]
On famous works
The love poetry" Freshman "philosophical poetry" Banquet "lyric poem" Poetry Collection "long poem" Divine Comedy "Latin articles" Noodle Theory "Political Paper" Theory of the Kingdom "Latin The poem "Anpad" Dante's "Essay Collection", Dante's work is basically written in the Italian Tuscan dialect, which plays a considerable role in forming a modern Italian language based on Tuscana dialect. Because in addition to Latin works, ancient Italian works were only Dante the earliest use of live language writing. His works have played a significant role in the formation of Italian literary language, so it is also a pioneer in the Renaissance movement. R n Edit this paragraph of Petrack
Petrak
Francisk Peterrak (Italian: Francesco Petrarch, July 20, 1304-July 19, 1374) The famous poets and scholars of the Renaissance, the founder of humanism, the establishment of the art and moral outlook on the early bourgeoisie was inseparable from him.
Born in A A Leizuo City, died of Alzong on July 19, 1374. His father was the Wang family and lawyers of Florence. He had exiled France with his father since he was a child and then studied law. When he is a priest, he has the opportunity to enter and exit churches, courts, observe life, pursue knowledge, and put forward the thoughts of "people's thoughts". " A lawyer was expelled from the city in 1302 because of the disagreement with the leader of the Black Party and moved to Arezo. On July 20, 1304, Petrack was born here. After several relocation, they were relocated several times in 1312. The family moved to Avinon in southern France, and the Holy See was there. Therefore, Petrack was closely linked with the upper layers of the Pope. This situation is not only related to his growth, but also helping his future humanistic activities. . Petrack loved literature and rhetoric when he was a teenager, and was particularly interested in classical works. The ancient Roman Virgil's poems and Sissero's lectures strongly attracted him. But his father asked him to become a jurist. Since 1316, he has studied laws in Monte Boli and Italy in France. In 1320, his father died, and he gave up law and developed his hobby freely. A secondary faculty. In 1330-1347, he has been working under the bishop of Bishop Wanni Keron. The work in the church is not busy, which makes him participate in some political and diplomatic activities of the Holy See. While studying literature and creating poetry tirelessly. As a poet, Betrak's reputation quickly spread. In 1340, Paris and Rome were invited to invite him to accept the crown. As a result, he decided to go to Rome. He picks up on the Capitley in Rome The title of "Crown Poet". On July 19, 1374, Petrack died in a small village named Akwar. When people discovered his body, his head was still buried in Virgil's manuscript.
works
The earliest representatives of classical culture from the Renaissance from the Renaissance of the Renaissance. He widely collected ancient books in Greece and Rome, and dared to break through the theological concepts of the medieval century. With the vision of the new era, he placed people and real life in the center to interpret classical works. His research on classical culture has affected the European Renaissance and his creation. Petrack wrote many poems and prose in Latin. The nobles and wisdom of these works can pursue the right to the world, enjoy the right to honor, enjoy the right of honor, and challenge the medieval divine rights and asceticism. He also believes that human nobleness does not decide to be born, but decides to act. The famous narrative poem "African" (writing started in 1338 or 1339, but was not completed) describing the heroic deeds of the ancient Roman commander Sipio defeated Hannibal, praising the greatness of Rome, and reflecting the spirit of patriotism. The work allowed him to get the title of laurel poet on April 8, 1341. "Secret" uses the dialogue of St. Augustine with poets to promote humanism. The poet warmly defends love and honor. It is consistent with the happiness of love to love God and pursuing the happiness of the world as the pursuit of eternal happiness. According to the representative work "Song Collection", it was said that the poet wrote more than 300 14 -line poems and after the death of Lola in 1347 after seeing the beautiful girl Lola in 1327, and it was written in Italian. It's love poem. Betrak jumped out of the box of old lyric poems, with a variety of tones, meticulous brush strokes, depicting the beauty of Lola's body, and portraiting his complex ideological feelings and inner activities. These poems boldly praise love, express their desire for happiness, and reflect the world view of humanists contempt for medieval morality and love life. Petrack's poetic charm is beautiful and densely structured. It often uses natural scenery to sing Lola to convey subtle feelings. He made the new poetic art of Fourteen Poems perfect. His lyrical poems, especially the 14 -line poems, opened the way for the development of European lyric poems. Later generations respected him as poetry. The long poem "My Italy" in "Song Collection" is a political lyric poem. The poets condemned Italy's monarchs to use foreign mercenaries to conduct civil war and let "wolf wolf and sheep live together". His other political lyric poems also violently criticized the church. Some Po Trak's poems also reflect his inner contradictions and reflect the contradictions of humanists in the early days of the Renaissance. Petrack wrote a historical book "Celebrity Biography" in Latin. Petrack's poetry is very rich, including "Song Collection", "African", "Italy" and "Celebrity Biography".
The line of line
Track pushed the fourteen elements to a perfect situation through long -term creative practice and developed into a new style of poetry, that is, "Peterrack Poetry". This style of poetry was imitated by later famous writers and poets such as Qiao Ge, Shakespeare, etc., and opened up a new path for the development of European poetry. Therefore, Peterak was respected as "Poetic Saint". There are a small number of patriotic poems and political irony poems in "Song Collection". Among them, "My Italy" is the most representative. At that time, in Italy's interference, the invasion of foreign enemies, and the mutual fighting of each city and states, they were in a split -out state for a long time. Witnessing this reality, the poet wrote: Look, my motherland, my hometown you love, is the wars caused by the reasons for the nameless and the unstoppable disputes, how cruel torture and suffering are suffering! This blood and tears condensed containing the affection of the poets to worry about the country and the people, and entrust the strong desire to desire the unity of the motherland. [2]
The edit Port Bogamu
Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375), writers and poets of the Renaissance of Italy, in the story of the story "Ten Days Talking about Joevani Boxing
"stayed in the future. One translation of Bugu, an outstanding representative of the Italian Renaissance movement, humanist. The masterpiece "Ten Day Talks" criticized religious and old -fashioned thoughts, advocating "happiness in the world", and was regarded as a declaration of Renaissance. It is collectively referred to as "Literature" with Dante and Petrak.
In life
Mhgacch is the illegitimate child of Florence businessman Kelino Bogacch and a French woman. Regarding his birthplace, the lack of accurate information was made. He is said to be born in Katardo near Florence and was born in Paris. When he was young, his mother died and came to Florence with his father. Soon, his father remarried, and he spent his childhood in the cold father and his stepmother. Later, he was sent by his father to Napoli, and he was reluctant to learn business in a business community who had invested in his father and had no harvest. His father asked him to study laws and religious regulations, but he could not attract his interest in whether it was business or law. He loved literature since he was a child, and began to learn poetics and read the works of classic writers. This life enables him to experience the lives of citizens and businessmen and the thoughts and emotions, and integrate into the "Ten Day Talk" he wrote in the future. During the life of Napoli, Bo Gachu had the opportunity to enter and exit the court of King Robert of Angeo. Here, he was fully exerted by the suppressed personality and intelligence. He has extensively interacted with many humanist poets, scholars, theologians, and jurists, and has contacted the life of the noble knight. This enriches his life experience, expands the field of culture and art, and further rejuvenates his interest in classical culture and literature. In the court, he met Robert's illegitimate daughter Maria and had love to her. This romantic experience also left a deep mark in his literary creation. Some of the female images he created in literary works in the future can see the shadow of Maria. In the winter of 1340, the business activities of Bo Gachu's father were frustrated, the economic conditions deteriorated, and it was stunned. Bo Gulu could not maintain his original leisurely life, and returned to Florence. In Florence's sharp and fierce political struggle, he always stood firmly on the Republican government to oppose feudal aristocratic forces. He participated in the guild, served as a management finance, and was commissioned by the Republican government many times. As a special envoy, he went to other Italian city -states and the Holy See to perform diplomatic mission. In 1350, Bo Gachu met with the poet Peterrak. The following year, he was entrusted to invite the exiled Peterrack to return to Florence to host academic discussions. Since then, these two outstanding humanists have established intimate friendship. Bo Gaqiu devoted himself to studying classical literature and became a knowledgeable humanist. He translated Homer's works and made important contributions to collecting, translating and annotated ancient books. In his later years, he was committed to the interpretation and explanation of "Divine Comedy", and he had presided over the discussion of "Divine Comedy" at the University of Florence. On October 23, 1373, Bo Gacchu gave the last speech at the University of Florence's "Divine Comedy" seminar. In the second year, the death of Equy Pitterrak gave him a great blow. On December 21, 1375, Bo Gachu died in Qitardo.
works
This Bo Gacchu is a talented and diligent writer. He has both short stories and legendary novels, and he is good at writing narrative poems, pastoral songs, and fourteen lines of poems. The legendary novel "Filokolo" is the first work of Bo Gaqiu, which is about 1336 years. It takes the Spanish court as the background, draws materials from the medieval legend, and describes the love story of a young woman who believes in Christianity and a young pagan. They broke through all obstacles, and their lover eventually became dependents. Two stories in "Ten Day Talk" are based on this work. "Filo Corolo" is the earlier novel in Europe. The chief of the narrative poem "Ferlostrato" (about 1338) and "Moss Saisida" (1340-1341), respectively from "The Legend of Troy" and Virgil's "E Shezes". They praise pure love and noble friendship, show the beauty of life and friendship in the world, and inject modern emotions into the classical subject matter. These two works have the precedent of 8 eight -body poems. The shepherd -style legend "The Goddess of the Ameto" (also known as "The Comedy of the Goddess of Florence", about 1341), imitated Dante's "Freshman" in form, uses prose to connect three rhyme poems. By Bohaqiu's theme of mythology, he wrote that Yameto changed from a rough shepherd youth to a noble person under the cultivation of love. During this period, 7 goddesses told Ameto about their love experience. The long poem "Phantom of Love" (1342-1343) was affected by Dante "Divine Comedy", which was written in three rhyme sentences, which has the characteristics of metaphorical poems. Bo Gaqiu described his meaningful trip, combining praise from virtue and praise of pure love. "The Goddess of Philippines" (1343-1354) is another 8 -body poem. Write the goddess and shepherd in love, offended the goddess Diana, punished, and a pair of lovers turned into two rivers, but In the end, both flowed into the Arno River and brought together. "Fores of Filuma Tower" is an important work second only to "Ten Day Talks". It was written between 1343 and 1344 after Boliku returned from Napoli to Florence. This legendary novel describes the encounter of the woman Fia Merita abandoned by her lover, carefully express her love and resentment, hope, and pain, and looking forward to the psychology of her lover's return, it is the earliest psychological novel in Europe. The common characteristics of these works are love as the theme, and draw on the ancient Greek and ancient Roman poetry, mythology, and legend, showing the traces of medieval tradition and knight literature, but also get rid of the custom, full of pursuit of life and happiness, condemned the pursuit of happiness, condemned Asceticism. In his later years, Bo Gaqiu studied classical culture with all his heart, and wrote the "Fasteners' Spectrum Department" (1350-1375) and "Ding Chuan" were the two most important works. The former describes the origin of God and heroes with a wealth of historical materials, and shows the foundation of myths, and the latter is one of the earliest academic works by Italian research. In his theoretical writings, Bo Gaqiu criticized the church's slander of poetry and put forward the point of view of "poetry is theology"; he explained that poetry should imitate nature, reflect life, emphasize the enlightenment of literature and the huge role of education; and require poets to from ancient times to ancient times Greek Roman culture draws nutrition and treats fiction and imagination. Although Bohaqiu has not completely got rid of the concept of medieval theology, his literary theory laid the foundation for the development of the Renaissance poetry.
Leonardo Da Vinci, one of the three heroes of the Renaissance in Italy, is also the most perfect representative during the European Renaissance. He is a profound thought, knowledgeable, versatile painter, fabler, sculptor, inventor, philosopher, musician, medical scientist, biologist, geography, construction engineer, and military engineer. He is a genius. He is enthusiastic about artistic creation and theoretical research to study how to use lines and three -dimensional shapes to express various problems; on the other hand, he also studies natural sciences. Ground studying various disciplines such as optics, mathematics, geology, and biology related to painting. His artistic practice and scientific exploration spirit has a significant and far -reaching impact on future generations.
"Mona Lisa" has no artwork in the world that can be full of global as "Mona Lisa", and at the same time attracts all kinds of statements and evaluations. According to Vasari's records, we can be sure that the person in the painting is the wife of Francot Francot Greya Zosha. She was born in 1479 and Da Vinci was portrait for her in 1503. It was when Lisa was 24 years old. The main expression of the person in the painting is "smile", and the world calls "mysterious smile". Banker Zo Gongdoro asked his wife to paint with a generous remuneration. When the lady appeared in front of the painter, she was wearing a luxurious dress and a fashionable hair style. She curled her hair on her shoulders, her bright eyes shone, her body was plump, her cheeks were crimson, her necks and arms were worn with precious jewelry. The whole body is full of beautiful but extravagant aristocratic atmosphere. When she stared at the famous painter with her eyes, a Socrate -style head that was able to accommodate infinite wisdom came into view, and the face was covered with silver white beards. This is very different from the vulgar merchants she saw all day. The smile from her heart instantly made her face glory, fascinating, shy, naughty, and seemed to have lost your youth. The mystery deep in the soul of the model was caught by the keen artist observed. "I agree to work immediately." Da Vinci nodded to Mona Lisa. In order to maintain Lisa's smile, the artist used wisdom's head to tell her wonderful and happy stories, and also invited all kinds of clown, pianist, and street performers to perform for his wife to wake up the depression, indifference, Sleeping young woman. After Lisa sat down, put one hand on the other hand to make a young woman's posture. The painter noticed that his wife's naked neck and plump hands were unfortunately occupied by gold and silver jewelry. If the wife is not opposed, I want to depict the neck and arms without any decoration. This is your most innocent beauty. Please remove all the jewelry symbolizing wealth and let me depict all the beauty that belongs to you. "So Lisa Lisa In the hurry, all the accessories were faded. What we see now is a young woman who has no modification and interest.
"The Virgin of the Rock" is a traditional religious painting of Da Vinci. Although the characters in the painting are surrounded by a humid air, the contour of the human body can still be obviously identified by the dim mountains, especially the face that the painter's efforts to depict. The warm and innocent expression is highly prominent. The strange shape of the hanging stone hangs from the wet rock body. The flowers and plants with the accuracy of botanicals come out of the rock gaps, and they can distinguish the iris, silver lotus, violet and some ferns. The blue sky in the distance is presented in front of people's eyes through the holes and seams between the rock body. Jesus stretched out, Angel Wulie faced the audience, led them to the painting, and instructed this scene with his hands, a series of gestures representing protection, instructions, and blessings. This set of action was arranged according to the principle of the composition of the pyramid. The top of the tower was the head of the Virgin, and the side was the hands he extended. The bottom corner was angels and babies. Leonardo regards the structure as the key to opening the work, which largely forms a classicist pyramid character composition in the heyday of the Renaissance.
Micorlazoro Bonarotti (, 1475-1564), the great painter, sculptor, architect and poet of the Renaissance in Italy, the representative of the most peak of the sculpture art during the Renaissance period Essence With Raphael and Da Vinci, they are also known as the Renaissance.
"Slave" cloud stone sculpture. High 229 cm Michaellazoro was created from 1513-1516. It is now collected in the eyes of "Dead Slave" in the Louvre, France. It seems to be resting. On his peaceful face, there were no traces of dying struggle, nor spasm caused by pain, but showing a dreamy calmness and intoxication, as if it was a coma that got rid of suffering. He supports his head and hold his right hand in front of his chest. It seems that he has just experienced harsh torture, exhausted, and is entering a state of liberation. "The Bonded Slave", the cloudstone sculpture was 215 cm Michaella Kailangluo, which was created in 1513-1516. It is now collected in the Louvre, France. Species style. His strong body like a bull twisted strongly, and seemed to be trying to break away from the ropes on his body. Although his arms were tied, the muscles of the whole body were tight, making people feel that it contains extremely powerful resistance. In contrast, the rope on the body looks so fragile and weak, it seems that it has only become an decoration. His head was tight, his lips were closed, his eyes were open, and his eyes were revealed in his eyes. Both slave statues are used to decorate the mausoleum. The earliest purpose is to symbolize the authority of the deceased, but here it has become a true portrayal of the author's own thoughts. The slaves in the statue are shaped as a strong young man who desires freedom and liberation. Both of the two statues of the two statues of young and fitly body seem to be not slaves, but two heroic fighters. Essence At that time, Michelangelo had been forced to serve the ruler of the Pope and the city. As a artist with humanistic thought, he had a pain that was suppressed, restrained and eager to liberate as the characters in his own works. And the requirements of realizing ideals. Michelangelo not only worried about the turbulent motherland, but also suffered from the fate of serving the rulers -this is a common encounter by artists during the Renaissance. His spiritual space is suffocating, and he can only vent his dissatisfaction with the rulers and seeks spiritual liberation in relatively free artistic creation. He wrote: "... Under such a slave -like and such lonely and boring conditions, on the oblique road, in extreme mental fatigue, I should engrave my sacred production ...". Later, due to changes in momentum, Michelangelo's thought became deep and distressed, and he never created the vitality of carving like these two works. "Moses", a statue of cloud stone, 255 cm high, Michelangelo was created from 1515-1516 AD. It is now in the St. Peter Cathedral in the Roman Vatican
? There is a pair of corners that symbolize "God", wearing thin sleeveless tops, and red -swollen clothes on both knees. His arms muscles were developed, and his hands were exposed, as if he had accumulated infinite power. He stroked the beard with a long and waist, holding the French version of the Ten Commandments, and his head was twisted to the left. The majestic and cold eyes were open, his eyes were nervous, his face was nervous, his face, his face It is full of alert sensitivity. Although he was sitting, the posture of the entire body showed a strong dynamic, and his left foot extended backwards, as if he was about to stand up immediately. Although angry, as a spiritual leader of Israelis, he must try his best to restrain his emotions, so he shows an unusually complicated psychological state. He is a typical image of a tragic hero character, as if the incarnation of the most essential power of nature, has a shocking power, which contains the artist's high attention to the fate of the motherland and the supreme respect of the dignity of people. The crystallization of the ideological thought is also considered by Western art critics to be one of Michelangelo's most successful statue.
Raphael, (1483-1520) is an outstanding painter in Italy. Essence Raphael was only 37 years old, but due to his diligent creation, he left more than 300 precious art works. His works have become the unique style of his family, which represents his own unique style, representing the most admired aesthetic taste that people at that time, and becoming a model that is inseparable from later generations of classicalists. Its representative works include the composition style, environment and character configuration of the paintings of the Our Lady of Sistine, the mural "Athens College", etc. "The key to Peter", in addition to the teacher's demure and elegant style characteristics, the character shape began to show his unique soft style. The picture takes a symmetrical layout, and the background is the polygonal bushes full of the sky full of heaven. A lot of use of horizontal lines, vertical lines, and semicircular curves, resulting in the aesthetics of softness, simplicity and brightness, and overall changes in the rigid. The artist cleverly uses perspective to make the space far.
"Athens College". This giant mural gathers more than 50 well -known philosophers and thinkers since ancient Greece, including Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Pythagoras, etc., to praise humans to wisdom and truth Pursuit, praise human creativity.
"The Virgin Sistel" is Raphael's most successful image of the Virgin. It is a praise of the Virgin that he composed with pious mood. The screen uses a stable pyramid composition. The character image is similar to the real size of the real person, the solemn and balanced, and the background of the picture is composed of a small angel's avatar. The image of the Virgin is soft and holy, showing the happiness and greatness of maternal love.
Da Vinci Mona Lisa's last dinner
Mi Kaikai Langko David's last trial
Rakhaelstein Virgin
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